Overview

Phoenix routing maps incoming HTTP requests to controller actions. The router is the entry point for all web requests and determines which controller action should handle each request. Phoenix provides powerful routing macros for RESTful resources, scopes, pipelines, and verified routes.

Basic Route Declaration

Single Routes

Define individual routes using HTTP verb macros:

get "/", PageController, :home

Phoenix supports all standard HTTP verbs:

get "/users", UserController, :index
post "/users", UserController, :create
patch "/users/:id", UserController, :update
put "/users/:id", UserController, :update
delete "/users/:id", UserController, :delete

Routes with Dynamic Segments

Capture URL parameters using the :param_name syntax:

get "/hello/:messenger", HelloController, :show

The :messenger segment becomes available in the controller's params map.

Resource Routes

Basic Resource Declaration

Generate all standard RESTful routes with the resources macro:

resources "/users", UserController

This generates eight routes:

GET     /users           UserController :index
GET     /users/:id/edit  UserController :edit
GET     /users/new       UserController :new
GET     /users/:id       UserController :show
POST    /users           UserController :create
PATCH   /users/:id       UserController :update
PUT     /users/:id       UserController :update
DELETE  /users/:id       UserController :delete

Limiting Resource Routes

Use :only to generate specific routes:

resources "/users", UserController, only: [:show]
resources "/posts", PostController, only: [:index, :show]

Use :except to exclude specific routes:

resources "/users", UserController, except: [:create, :delete]

Aliasing Resources

Customize the route path helper name with :as:

resources "/users", UserController, as: :person

This generates path helpers like ~p"/person" instead of ~p"/users".

Nested Resources

Create hierarchical resource relationships:

resources "/users", UserController do
  resources "/posts", PostController
end

Generated routes include the parent resource ID:

GET     /users/:user_id/posts           PostController :index
GET     /users/:user_id/posts/:id/edit  PostController :edit
GET     /users/:user_id/posts/new       PostController :new
GET     /users/:user_id/posts/:id       PostController :show
POST    /users/:user_id/posts           PostController :create
PATCH   /users/:user_id/posts/:id       PostController :update
PUT     /users/:user_id/posts/:id       PostController :update
DELETE  /users/:user_id/posts/:id       PostController :delete

Verified Routes

Using the ~p Sigil

Phoenix provides compile-time verified routes using the ~p sigil:

# Static paths
~p"/users"
~p"/posts/new"

# Dynamic segments with variables
~p"/users/#{user_id}"
~p"/users/#{user_id}/posts/#{post_id}"

Verified Routes with Structs

Pass structs directly to generate paths:

~p"/users/#{@user}"
# Generates: "/users/42"

~p"/users/#{user}/posts/#{post}"
# Generates: "/users/42/posts/17"

Phoenix automatically extracts the ID using the Phoenix.Param protocol.

Benefits of Verified Routes

Compile-time validation - Catch routing errors during compilation
Refactoring safety - Route changes are caught immediately
Type safety - Ensure correct parameter types
URL slug support - Easy transition to slug-based URLs

Scopes

Basic Scopes

Group routes under a common path prefix:

scope "/admin", HelloWeb.Admin do
  pipe_through :browser

  resources "/users", UserController
end

Generated paths include the scope prefix:

~p"/admin/users"

Scopes with Aliases

Reduce repetition by aliasing controller modules:

scope "/", HelloWeb do
  pipe_through :browser

  get "/", PageController, :home
  resources "/posts", PostController
end

Nested Scopes

Create hierarchical route organization:

scope "/api", HelloWeb.Api, as: :api do
  pipe_through :api

  scope "/v1", V1, as: :v1 do
    resources "/users", UserController
  end

  scope "/v2", V2, as: :v2 do
    resources "/users", UserController
  end
end

Generated path helpers reflect the nesting:

~p"/api/v1/users"
~p"/api/v2/users"

Pipelines

Defining Pipelines

Pipelines group plugs that run for specific routes:

pipeline :browser do
  plug :accepts, ["html"]
  plug :fetch_session
  plug :fetch_live_flash
  plug :put_root_layout, html: {HelloWeb.Layouts, :root}
  plug :protect_from_forgery
  plug :put_secure_browser_headers
end

pipeline :api do
  plug :accepts, ["json"]
end

Applying Pipelines to Scopes

Use pipe_through to apply pipelines:

scope "/", HelloWeb do
  pipe_through :browser

  get "/", PageController, :home
  resources "/users", UserController
end

scope "/api", HelloWeb.Api do
  pipe_through :api

  resources "/users", UserController
end

Custom Plugs in Pipelines

Add application-specific plugs:

pipeline :browser do
  plug :accepts, ["html"]
  plug :fetch_session
  plug :fetch_live_flash
  plug :put_root_layout, html: {HelloWeb.Layouts, :root}
  plug :protect_from_forgery
  plug :put_secure_browser_headers
  plug HelloWeb.Plugs.Locale, "en"
end

Nesting Pipelines

Compose pipelines for complex authentication flows:

pipeline :auth do
  plug :browser
  plug :ensure_authenticated_user
  plug :ensure_user_owns_review
end

scope "/reviews", HelloWeb do
  pipe_through :auth

  resources "/", ReviewController
end

This applies the :browser pipeline first, then the authentication plugs.

Advanced Pipeline Patterns

Session Management Pipeline

Create a pipeline for session-based features:

pipeline :browser do
  plug :accepts, ["html"]
  plug :fetch_session
  plug :fetch_live_flash
  plug :put_root_layout, html: {HelloWeb.Layouts, :root}
  plug :protect_from_forgery
  plug :put_secure_browser_headers
  plug :fetch_current_scope_for_user
end

defp fetch_current_scope_for_user(conn, _opts) do
  if id = get_session(conn, :scope_id) do
    assign(conn, :current_scope, MyApp.Scope.for_id(id))
  else
    id = System.unique_integer()

    conn
    |> put_session(:scope_id, id)
    |> assign(:current_scope, MyApp.Scope.for_id(id))
  end
end

Multi-tenant Routing

Assign organization context from URL parameters:

pipeline :browser do
  plug :accepts, ["html"]
  plug :fetch_session
  plug :fetch_live_flash
  plug :put_root_layout, html: {HelloWeb.Layouts, :root}
  plug :protect_from_forgery
  plug :put_secure_browser_headers
  plug :fetch_current_scope_for_user
  plug :assign_org_to_scope
end

defp assign_org_to_scope(conn, _opts) do
  case conn.params["org"] do
    nil -> conn
    org_slug ->
      scope = conn.assigns.current_scope
      org = MyApp.Organizations.get_by_slug!(org_slug)
      assign(conn, :current_scope, Map.put(scope, :organization, org))
  end
end

Shopping Cart Pipeline

Fetch or create a cart for the current session:

pipeline :browser do
  plug :accepts, ["html"]
  plug :fetch_session
  plug :fetch_live_flash
  plug :put_root_layout, html: {HelloWeb.Layouts, :root}
  plug :protect_from_forgery
  plug :put_secure_browser_headers
  plug :fetch_current_scope_for_user
  plug :fetch_current_cart
end

alias MyApp.ShoppingCart

defp fetch_current_cart(%{assigns: %{current_scope: scope}} = conn, _opts)
    when not is_nil(scope) do
  if cart = ShoppingCart.get_cart(scope) do
    assign(conn, :cart, cart)
  else
    {:ok, new_cart} = ShoppingCart.create_cart(scope, %{})
    assign(conn, :cart, new_cart)
  end
end

defp fetch_current_cart(conn, _opts), do: conn

Forwarding

Forward to Plugs

Delegate a path prefix to another plug or application:

defmodule HelloWeb.Router do
  use HelloWeb, :router

  scope "/", HelloWeb do
    pipe_through :browser
    get "/", PageController, :home
  end

  forward "/jobs", BackgroundJob.Plug
end

All requests to /jobs/* are handled by BackgroundJob.Plug.

Common Forward Use Cases

# Admin interface
forward "/admin", HelloWeb.AdminRouter

# API documentation
forward "/api/docs", PhoenixSwagger.Plug.SwaggerUI

# Background job dashboard
forward "/jobs", Oban.Web.Router

Inspecting Routes

Using mix phx.routes

View all defined routes in your application:

mix phx.routes

Output shows HTTP verb, path, controller, and action:

GET     /                HelloWeb.PageController :home
GET     /users           HelloWeb.UserController :index
GET     /users/:id/edit  HelloWeb.UserController :edit
GET     /users/new       HelloWeb.UserController :new
GET     /users/:id       HelloWeb.UserController :show
POST    /users           HelloWeb.UserController :create
PATCH   /users/:id       HelloWeb.UserController :update
PUT     /users/:id       HelloWeb.UserController :update
DELETE  /users/:id       HelloWeb.UserController :delete

Filtering Routes

Grep for specific routes:

mix phx.routes | grep users
mix phx.routes | grep POST

Building Paths Programmatically

Static Paths

Build static paths easily:

~p"/users"
# Returns: "/users"

~p"/posts/new"
# Returns: "/posts/new"

Paths with Integer IDs

Interpolate IDs directly:

user_id = 42
post_id = 17
~p"/users/#{user_id}/posts/#{post_id}"
# Returns: "/users/42/posts/17"

Paths with Structs

Let Phoenix extract IDs from structs:

~p"/users/#{user}/posts/#{post}"
# Returns: "/users/42/posts/17"

This uses the Phoenix.Param protocol to extract the ID.

Custom Param Implementation

Implement custom URL generation for structs:

defimpl Phoenix.Param, for: MyApp.Blog.Post do
  def to_param(%{slug: slug}), do: slug
end

# Now this generates slug-based URLs:
~p"/posts/#{post}"
# Returns: "/posts/my-great-post"

Router Configuration Example

Complete Router Setup

A typical Phoenix router includes multiple pipelines and scopes:

defmodule HelloWeb.Router do
  use HelloWeb, :router

  pipeline :browser do
    plug :accepts, ["html"]
    plug :fetch_session
    plug :fetch_live_flash
    plug :put_root_layout, html: {HelloWeb.Layouts, :root}
    plug :protect_from_forgery
    plug :put_secure_browser_headers
  end

  pipeline :api do
    plug :accepts, ["json"]
  end

  scope "/", HelloWeb do
    pipe_through :browser

    get "/", PageController, :home
    get "/hello", HelloController, :index
    get "/hello/:messenger", HelloController, :show
  end

  scope "/api/v1", HelloWeb.Api.V1, as: :api_v1 do
    pipe_through :api

    resources "/users", UserController, only: [:index, :show]
  end

  # Admin interface
  scope "/admin", HelloWeb.Admin, as: :admin do
    pipe_through [:browser, :admin_auth]

    resources "/users", UserController
    resources "/posts", PostController
  end

  # Enable LiveDashboard in development
  if Mix.env() in [:dev, :test] do
    import Phoenix.LiveDashboard.Router

    scope "/" do
      pipe_through :browser
      live_dashboard "/dashboard", metrics: HelloWeb.Telemetry
    end
  end
end

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when you need to:

Define new routes for controllers and actions
Create RESTful resource routes for CRUD operations
Organize routes with scopes and namespaces
Build nested resource relationships
Configure request processing pipelines
Generate verified route paths in controllers and templates
Implement API versioning with scoped routes
Debug routing issues and inspect available routes
Forward requests to external plugs or applications
Implement custom URL slug generation
Set up authentication and authorization pipelines
Create multi-tenant routing architectures
Build admin interfaces with separate scopes
Configure different response formats (HTML, JSON, etc.)

Best Practices

Use verified routes - Always use ~p sigil for compile-time safety
Group related routes - Use scopes to organize routes logically
Limit resource actions - Only generate routes you actually need
Name scopes clearly - Use descriptive scope prefixes and aliases
Keep pipelines focused - Each pipeline should have a single responsibility
Order routes carefully - More specific routes should come before general ones
Use resources - Prefer resources over individual route declarations
Document custom routes - Add comments for non-standard routing patterns
Avoid deep nesting - Limit nested resources to 2-3 levels maximum
Version APIs - Use scopes for API versioning
Secure sensitive routes - Apply authentication pipelines appropriately
Test route resolution - Verify routes resolve to correct controllers
Use forward wisely - Forward to well-defined plug interfaces
Inspect regularly - Use mix phx.routes during development
Follow conventions - Stick to RESTful conventions for resources

Common Pitfalls

Hardcoding paths - Using strings instead of verified routes
Over-nesting resources - Creating deeply nested resource hierarchies
Missing pipeline - Forgetting to pipe routes through required pipelines
Wrong route order - General routes catching specific route requests
Exposing all actions - Generating unnecessary CRUD routes
Not using scopes - Repeating controller module prefixes
Inconsistent naming - Mixing naming conventions for routes
Skipping CSRF protection - Removing security plugs without understanding implications
Missing authentication - Not protecting sensitive routes
Duplicate routes - Defining the same route in multiple places
Incorrect HTTP verbs - Using wrong verbs for actions (GET for destructive actions)
Not testing routes - Failing to verify route configuration
Exposing internal routes - Making debug/admin routes available in production
Complex route logic - Putting business logic in route definitions
Ignoring route conflicts - Not checking for overlapping route patterns

📖 phoenix-routing