Overview

Master the core concepts of Cucumber and Gherkin for behavior-driven development.

Gherkin Syntax

Use the Given-When-Then structure for scenarios:

Feature: User Authentication
  As a user
  I want to log in to the application
  So that I can access my account

  Scenario: Successful login with valid credentials
    Given I am on the login page
    When I enter valid credentials
    And I click the login button
    Then I should be redirected to the dashboard
    And I should see a welcome message

Keywords

Feature: High-level description of a software feature
Scenario: Concrete example illustrating a business rule
Given: Context or preconditions
When: Action or event
Then: Expected outcome
And/But: Connect multiple steps
Background: Common preconditions for all scenarios
Scenario Outline: Template for multiple examples
Examples: Data table for Scenario Outline

Feature Files

Structure feature files logically:

Feature: Shopping Cart Management
  In order to purchase products
  As a customer
  I want to manage items in my shopping cart

  Background:
    Given I am logged in as a customer
    And my shopping cart is empty

  Scenario: Add product to cart
    When I add a "Laptop" to my cart
    Then my cart should contain 1 item
    And the cart total should be "$999.99"

  Scenario: Remove product from cart
    Given I have a "Laptop" in my cart
    When I remove the "Laptop" from my cart
    Then my cart should be empty
    And the cart total should be "$0.00"

Scenario Outlines

Use data tables for parameterized tests:

Scenario Outline: Login with different user types
  Given I am on the login page
  When I log in as "<user_type>"
  Then I should see the "<dashboard>" dashboard
  And I should have "<permissions>" permissions

  Examples:
    | user_type | dashboard | permissions    |
    | admin     | Admin     | full_access    |
    | user      | User      | limited_access |
    | guest     | Public    | read_only      |

Best Practices

Write declarative scenarios - Focus on what, not how
Keep scenarios independent - Each scenario should stand alone
Use domain language - Write in business terms, not technical implementation
One scenario, one behavior - Test one thing at a time
Avoid UI details in Given/When/Then - Stay at business logic level

Example: Good vs Bad Scenarios

❌ Bad (imperative, implementation-focused):

Scenario: Update user profile
  Given I navigate to "http://example.com/profile"
  When I find the element with id "firstName"
  And I clear the input field
  And I type "John"
  And I click the button with class "save-btn"
  Then I should see the text "Profile updated"

✅ Good (declarative, business-focused):

Scenario: Update user profile
  Given I am on my profile page
  When I update my first name to "John"
  Then my profile should be saved
  And I should see a success message

Data Tables

Pass structured data to steps:

Scenario: Register new user
  Given I am on the registration page
  When I fill in the registration form:
    | Field          | Value              |
    | First Name     | John               |
    | Last Name      | Doe                |
    | Email          | john@example.com   |
    | Password       | SecurePass123!     |
  Then I should be registered successfully

Doc Strings

Pass multi-line text to steps:

Scenario: Submit contact form
  Given I am on the contact page
  When I submit a message:
    """
    Hello support team,

    I have a question about my recent order #12345.
    Please contact me at your earliest convenience.

    Best regards,
    John Doe
    """
  Then I should see a confirmation message

Key Principles

Living Documentation: Features serve as executable specifications
Collaboration: Written by developers, testers, and business stakeholders
Ubiquitous Language: Use domain terminology consistently
Examples over Rules: Concrete examples clarify requirements
Automation: Scenarios are automated tests

Remember: Cucumber scenarios are specifications first, tests second. They document expected behavior in a language everyone understands.

📖 cucumber-fundamentals